Coordinators:

Rudi Frühwirth, HEPHY Vienna
Ivica Puljak, University of Split (FESB)
Are Strandlie, Gjøvik University College

The track will first introduce the fundamental concepts of Physics Computing and will then address two specific aspects of scientific computing: the ROOT Technologies and Data Analysis.

The first series of lectures gives an overview of the software and hardware components required for the processing of the experimental data, from the source - the detector - to the physics analysis. The emphasis is on the concepts, but some implementation details are discussed as well. The key concept is data reduction, both in terms of rate and in terms of information density. The various algorithms used for data reduction, both online and offline, are described. The flow of the real data is the main topic, but the need for and the production of simulated data is discussed as well.

The second series of lectures presents modern techniques for software design and modern tools and technologies for understanding and improving existing software, which are relevant for Physics Computing.  The emphasis is placed on the large software projects and large executables that are common in HEP. The series  consist of lectures and exercises. These lectures include topics such software engineering, design, methodology and testing. 

The fourth lecture series concentrates on Data Analysis aspects. Data analysis lectures will contain many examples of data visualisation and analysis code. Exercises are done with ROOT data analysis toolkit.

Series

Type

Lecture

Description

Lecturer

General Introduction to Physics Computing

Lectures

Series

General Introduction to Physics Computing

The two lectures give an overview of the software and hardware components required for the processing of the experimental data, from the source - the detector - to the physics analysis. The emphasis is on the concepts, but some implementation details are discussed as well. The key concept is data reduction, both in terms of rate and in terms of information density. The various algorithms used for data reduction, both online and offline, are described. The flow of the real data is the main topic, but the need for and the production of simulated data is discussed as well.

Lecture 1

Event filtering

The first lecture deals with the multi-level event filters (triggers) that are used to select the physically interesting events and to bring down the event rate to an acceptable figure. Some examples of the hardware and software that is deployed by the LHC experiments are presented.

Lecture 2

Reconstruction and simulation

The second lecture describes the various stages of event reconstruction, including calibration and alignment. The emphasis is on algorithms and data structures. The need for large amounts of simulated data is explained. The lecture concludes with a brief resume of the principles of physics analysis and the tools that are currently employed.

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Introduction to the Track

To start, we discuss some of the characteristics of software projects for high energy physics, and some of the issues that arise when people want to contribute to them. This forms the framework for the Software Technologies Track. We then continue with a brief introduction to software engineering from the perspective of the individual contributor, both as a formal process and how it actually effects what you do.

Tools You Can Use

This lecture discusses several categories of tools & techniques you can use to make yourself more productive and effective. Continuous testing and documentation has proven to be important in producing high quality work, but it's often difficult to do; we discuss some available approaches. Many problems require specific tools and techniques to solve them effectively: We discuss the examples of performance tuning and memory access problems.

Tools for Collaboration

HEP software is built by huge teams. How can this be done effectively, while still giving people satisfying tasks to perform?
This lecture discusses some of the technical approaches used. Source control (e.g. CVS) is becoming common, so we just skim over it's advantages and disadvantages to get to the larger area of release control (e.g. CMT) and release testing & distribution. We'll focus on why is this considered a hard problem, and what are the current techniques for dealing with it.

Software Engineering Across the Project

Now that we've covered both individual and group work, we go back to the software engineering topics of the first lecture to see how these fit together. How does our individual work effect the ability of the entire project to proceed? What are tools and techniques that will improve both our individual work, and out contributions to the whole?
We close with a summary of observations.

Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Exercises 1 and 2

The first two exercises provide some direct experience with the tools and techniques described in Lectures 1 and 2. In particular, pairs of students will work together to update existing applications, working through examples designed to show the strengths and weaknesses of several approaches.

Exercise 3
Exercise 4

Exercises 3 and 4

After the two-person teams acquire some experience with the CMT release system, and CVS if needed, we will have groups of 5 teams work together to create a functional release from individual sub-projects at various stages of completion. Although a limited exercise, this is intended to demonstrate some of the real issues discussed in the lecture.

Exercises 5

Wrap-up session.

ROOT Technologies

Lectures

Lecture 1

Basics

To lay the foundation for the lectures of the coming days, we start by introducing the purpose of ROOT and its primary contexts of use. This will cover e.g. the C++ interpreter CINT and the just-in-time compiler ACLiC.

Axel Naumann

Bertrand Bellenot

Lecture 2

Tree

I/O: The exabytes of LHC data will be saved using ROOT's i/o. We will explain how ROOT persistency is integrated into C++ and the basics of ROOT's storage structure. As things change, modified classes must be taken into account by a mechanism called schema evolution.

Trees 1: One of HEP's most powerful and most commonly used collections is ROOT's TTree. We will explain why in the HEP context they are superior to e.g. STL collections, and which efficiency optimizations they provide for processing data (splitting, data access without library).

Lecture 3

Analysis

Trees 2: Two mechanisms for combining TTrees, friends and chains, will be introduced.

Data Analysis: ROOT is mainly used to analyze data. We will go through the steps of a realistic use case, fitting a particle track to detector data points.

PROOF: Even though HEP's data is trivial to parallelize, most code is written linearly. PROOF allows you to run regular ROOT analysis code in a parallel environment. We will show you what it does and how to use it.

Exercises

Exercise 1

We will play with a few example macros, to get a feeling for the pros and cons of compiled versus interpreted mode. We apply the knowledge from the C++ introduction in the lecture to understand how object oriented design can help.

Exercise 2

We will store objects of our own class to a ROOT file and read it back.

Exercise 3

We will create chains of trees; we will create friend trees. We will run a simple analysis on a chain of trees using PROOF to see interactive parallelism in action.

Pre-requisite Knowledge

Mandatory pre-requisite

Install ROOT if you don't have it; start it up.

Create a one-dimensional histogram with 10 bins spanning the range 0..5.

Fill it with the values 4., 4.2, 5.8, 3.8, 4.7, and 2.7.

Draw it.

Fit it with a Gaussian using the default options.

Check that the mean of the fit is4.0 - otherwise you've done something wrong.

Desirable pre-requisite

and

references to further information

If you need to install ROOT, use the recommended version mentioned at:  http://root.cern.ch/drupal/content/downloading-root

To learn how to create, fill, draw, and fit histograms look at the User's Guide at: http://root.cern.ch/drupal/content/users-guide

chapters "Histograms" and "Fitting Histograms".

To see examples on how to create, fill, draw, and fit histograms look at the macros in $ROOTSYS/tutorials, esp. hsimple.C and fit1.C.

The reference guide for ROOT's histogram base class TH1 is located at : http://root.cern.ch/root/html/TH1.html

Data Analysis

Lectures

Lecture 1

Data visualisation and random variables

First lecture in Data Analysis series discuss graphical techniques used in exploratory data analysis, gives an introduction to concept of probability, and descriptive statistics summarising the basic features of the data gathered from experiments. Random variables and Monte Carlo method are introduced.

Ivica Puljak

Lecture 2

Distributions and statistical tests

Commonly used probability distributions are introduced. It is shown how a statistical hypothesis testing is used to make statistical decisions based on experimental data. Least squares fitting, the chi-square goodness-of-fit, and maximum likelihood method are introduced.

Lecture 3

Bayesian data analysis and unfolding experimental data

We study Bayesian probability, which interprets the concept of probability as a measure of a state of knowledge and not a frequency as in orthodox statistics. In Bayesian statistics new measurements are used to update or to newly infer the probability that a hypothesis may be true. We show how Bayesian estimators are used to approximate the unknown parameters. Experimental errors are discussed and unfolding methods to correct distortions in measurements are introduced.

Lecture 4

Multivariate analysis and neural network

Multivariate analysis (MVA) describes procedures which involve observation and analysis of more than one statistical variable at a time. We study different models available in ROOT Multivariate Analysis Package TMVA. Artificial neural networks are discussed as an example of MVA classifiers. Finally, we study how neural networks can be useful in regression analysis to estimate unknown function and in Higgs boson search.

Exercises

Exercise 1

Data visualisation and random variables

• Visualisation of data with ROOT.

• Generating random numbers

• Monte-Carlo Integration

Exercise 2

Distributions and statistical tests

• Smoothing Data

• Fitting with ROOT packages (finding peaks).

• Modeling signal and background.

Exercise 3

Bayesian data analysis and unfolding experimental data

• Determination of experimental error.

• Unfolding example.

Multivariate analysis and neural networks

• Data visualisation and pre-processing with TMVA.

• Classifiers in TMVA.

• Neural network (Multi Layer Perception) example.

Prerequisite Knowledge

Desirable prerequisite

and

 references to further information

Desirable pre-requisite

Spend few minutes to familiarize yourself with following concepts:

• Data Analysis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data analysis

• Monte Carlo method http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte Carlo method

• Least squares fitting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least squares

• Experimental errors http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational error

• Artificial neural networks http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial neural network

References

Outline was prepared based on references:

• roo08] (ROOT manual and tutorials),

• [Hoc07] (multivariate analysis and data visualization),

• [Lyo92, Cow98, Siv00] (data analysis textbooks),

• [D’A99, Jam00] (confidence limits vs. Bayesian).

In addition some ideas are proposed to be taken from:

• [HL08] (MC simulation and environment for exercises),

• [Blo85] (unfolding).

Bibliography

• V. Blobel

  • Unfolding methods in high energy physics experiments.

  • Technical report, In Proceedings of the 1984 CERN School of Computing,

  • CERN 85-09, 1985.

• G. Cowan

  • Statistical Data Analysis.

  • Oxford University Press, 1998.

• G. D’Agostini

  • Bayesian Reasoning in High-Energy Physics: Principles and Applications.

  • Technical report, CERN-99-03, 1999.

• A. Heikkinen and M. Liendl

  • Geant4 exercises at CERN School of Computing.

  • Talk given at 13th Geant4 Collaboration Workshop with related exercises, and ah08gCode.tar.gz, 65 MB.

  • October 11th 2008.

• A. Hocker.

  • TMVA - Toolkit for Multivariate Data Analysis.

  • CERN-OPEN-2007-007, 2007.

  • A. Heikkinen: Data Analysis with ROOT C / [arXiv: physics/0703039].

• F. James

  • Workshop on Confidence Limits.

  • Technical report, CERN-2000-005, 2000.

• L. Lyons

  • Statistics for nuclear and particle physicists.

  • Cambridge University Press, 1992.

• ROOT 5.21 Users Guide, October 2008.

• D. S. Sivia

  • Data Analysis: a Bayesian Tutorial.

  • Oxford University Press, 2000

Copyright CERN